ASSESSING URBAN POOR RESILIENCE TO NATURAL DISASTERS USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS-BASED MODEL: A CASE STUDY ON KHULNA CITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53808/KUS.2022.ICSTEM4IR.0136-seKeywords:
Resilience, urban poor, natural disasters, analytic hierarchy process, indexing, principal component analysis (PCA), Khulna city.Abstract
This article intends to measure the urban poor’s resilience to natural disasters using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based model. It also explores factors affecting differentiated levels of household resilience. It is found that urban poor communities in Khulna city frequently experience urban flooding and waterlogging, caused by heavy rainfall, as a primary hazard and therefore this article emphasizes on differentiated nature of urban poor’s resilience to natural hazards and the factors that shape differentiated nature of resilience. Quantitative research approach has been adopted and AHP-based indexing has been used to measure the level of resilience of the urban poor and contributing factors to their resilience level. The household questionnaire survey has been used as the data collection method and the total sample size of this research is 384 and all the primary data is collected from the six slums in Khulna city which have been selected using different vulnerability criteria like geographical location, size of the slums, and mean sea-level height of the slum. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model is used to determine the weight of indicators and dimensions which have been used to calculate resilience. Additionally, the principal component analysis (PCA) is also used to identify the determinant factors. The results revealed that 40.88% and 48.96% of people are low and moderately resilient respectively. The percentage of high resilient people in the low-income settlements in Khulna city is very low as only 10.16% of the households are found as highly resilient in the urban poor settlements. It identifies several factors that have the highest effect on differential level resilience, including access to formal safety nets and social assistance, income and livelihood strategy, illness, debt etc. Highlighting the factors that influence differentiated levels of resilience local government or policymakers can take different policy recommendations to improve the resilience of the urban poor that including strengthening the social security system for the urban poor, creating livelihood opportunities, public health services, etc.
Downloads
References
Akter, S., & Mallick, B. (2013). The poverty–vulnerability–resilience nexus: Evidence from Bangladesh. Ecological Economics, 96, 114–124.
Balica, S., & Wright, N. G. (2010). Reducing the complexity of the flood vulnerability index. Environmental Hazards, 9(4), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2010.0043
Clar, C., & Steurer, R. (2021). Climate change adaptation with green roofs: Instrument choice and facilitating factors in urban areas. Journal of Urban Affairs, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021. 1877552
Coirolo, C., & Rahman, A. (2014). Power and differential climate change vulnerability among extremely poor people in Northwest Bangladesh: Lessons for mainstreaming. Climate and Development, 6(4), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934774
Constas, M. A., d’errico, M., & pietrelli, R. (2020). Core indicatorsfor resilience anlysis: Toward an integrated framework to support HArmonized matrix. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Cookey, P. E., Kugedera, Z., Alamgir, M., & Brdjanovic, D. (2020). Perception management of non-sewered sanitation systems towards scheduled faecal sludge emptying behaviour change intervention. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00662-0
Daniel, W. W. (1983). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics Applied (EUA).
FAO. (2016). Analysing Resilience for Better Targeting and Action. www.fao.org/3/a-i5665e.pdf
Ha-Mim, N. M., Hossain, M., Rahaman, K. R., & Mallick, B. (2020a). Exploring vulnerability–resilience–livelihood nexus in the face of climate change: A multi-criteria analysis for mongla, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12(17), 7054.
Ha-Mim, N. M., Hossain, Md. Z., Rahaman, K. R., & Mallick, B. (2020b). Exploring Vulnerability–Resilience–Livelihood Nexus in the Face of Climate Change: A Multi-Criteria Analysis for Mongla, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12(17), 7054. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177054
Haque, A. N., Dodman, D., & Hossain, M. M. (2014). Individual, communal and institutional responses to climate change by low-income households in Khulna, Bangladesh. Environment and Urbanization, 26(1), 112–129.
Jabeen, H., Johnson, C., & Allen, A. (2010). Built-in resilience: Learning from grassroots coping strategies for climate variability. Environment and Urbanization, 22(2), 415–431.
Joakim, E. P., Mortsch, L., & Oulahen, G. (2015). Using vulnerability and resilience concepts to advance climate change adaptation. Environmental Hazards, 14(2), 137–155.
Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.014
Leichenko, R., & Silva, J. A. (2014). Climate change and poverty: Vulnerability, impacts, and alleviation strategies. WIREs Climate Change, 5(4), 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.287
Linkon, S. B., & Khan, N. M. (2019). Autonomous Building Process for Adapting the Climate Change Impacts: Learning from the Urban Informal Settlement in Khulna.
Maru, Y. T., Smith, M. S., Sparrow, A., Pinho, P. F., & Dube, O. P. (2014). A linked vulnerability and resilience framework for adaptation pathways in remote disadvantaged communities. Global Environmental Change, 28, 337–350.
Moghadas, M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A., Fekete, A., & Kötter, T. (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 35, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101069
Pelling, M. (2003). Natural disaster and development in a globalizing world. Routledge.
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analyses with SAS and IBM’s SPSS (6th edition). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Satterthwaite, D., Huq, S., Pelling, M., Reid, H., & Lankao, P. R. (2007). Adapting to climate change in urban areas. London: IIED.
Smith, L. C., & Frankenberger, T. R. (2018). Does Resilience Capacity Reduce the Negative Impact of Shocks on Household Food Security? Evidence from the 2014 Floods in Northern Bangladesh. World Development, 102, 358–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.003
Swapan, M. S. H., Ashikuzzaman, M., & Iftekhar, M. (2020a). Equitable access to formal disaster management programmes: Experience of residents of urban informal settlements in Bangladesh. In Natural hazards and disaster justice (pp. 169–183). Springer.
Swapan, M. S. H., Ashikuzzaman, M., & Iftekhar, M. S. (2020b). Dynamics of Urban Disaster Risk Paradigm: Looking Through the Perceived Lens of the Residents of Informal Settlements in Khulna City, Bangladesh. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 11(1), 51–77.
Akter, S., & Mallick, B. (2013). The poverty–vulnerability–resilience nexus: Evidence from Bangladesh. Ecological Economics, 96, 114–124.
Balica, S., & Wright, N. G. (2010). Reducing the complexity of the flood vulnerability index. Environmental Hazards, 9(4), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2010.0043
Clar, C., & Steurer, R. (2021). Climate change adaptation with green roofs: Instrument choice and facilitating factors in urban areas. Journal of Urban Affairs, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021. 1877552
Coirolo, C., & Rahman, A. (2014). Power and differential climate change vulnerability among extremely poor people in Northwest Bangladesh: Lessons for mainstreaming. Climate and Development, 6(4), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934774
Constas, M. A., d’errico, M., & pietrelli, R. (2020). Core indicatorsfor resilience anlysis: Toward an integrated framework to support HArmonized matrix. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Cookey, P. E., Kugedera, Z., Alamgir, M., & Brdjanovic, D. (2020). Perception management of non-sewered sanitation systems towards scheduled faecal sludge emptying behaviour change intervention. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00662-0
Daniel, W. W. (1983). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics Applied (EUA).
FAO. (2016). Analysing Resilience for Better Targeting and Action. www.fao.org/3/a-i5665e.pdf
Ha-Mim, N. M., Hossain, M., Rahaman, K. R., & Mallick, B. (2020a). Exploring vulnerability–resilience–livelihood nexus in the face of climate change: A multi-criteria analysis for mongla, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12(17), 7054.
Ha-Mim, N. M., Hossain, Md. Z., Rahaman, K. R., & Mallick, B. (2020b). Exploring Vulnerability–Resilience–Livelihood Nexus in the Face of Climate Change: A Multi-Criteria Analysis for Mongla, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12(17), 7054. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177054
Haque, A. N., Dodman, D., & Hossain, M. M. (2014). Individual, communal and institutional responses to climate change by low-income households in Khulna, Bangladesh. Environment and Urbanization, 26(1), 112–129.
Jabeen, H., Johnson, C., & Allen, A. (2010). Built-in resilience: Learning from grassroots coping strategies for climate variability. Environment and Urbanization, 22(2), 415–431.
Joakim, E. P., Mortsch, L., & Oulahen, G. (2015). Using vulnerability and resilience concepts to advance climate change adaptation. Environmental Hazards, 14(2), 137–155.
Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate change and urban resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.014
Leichenko, R., & Silva, J. A. (2014). Climate change and poverty: Vulnerability, impacts, and alleviation strategies. WIREs Climate Change, 5(4), 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.287
Linkon, S. B., & Khan, N. M. (2019). Autonomous Building Process for Adapting the Climate Change Impacts: Learning from the Urban Informal Settlement in Khulna.
Maru, Y. T., Smith, M. S., Sparrow, A., Pinho, P. F., & Dube, O. P. (2014). A linked vulnerability and resilience framework for adaptation pathways in remote disadvantaged communities. Global Environmental Change, 28, 337–350.
Moghadas, M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A., Fekete, A., & Kötter, T. (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 35, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101069
Pelling, M. (2003). Natural disaster and development in a globalizing world. Routledge.
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analyses with SAS and IBM’s SPSS (6th edition). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Satterthwaite, D., Huq, S., Pelling, M., Reid, H., & Lankao, P. R. (2007). Adapting to climate change in urban areas. London: IIED.
Smith, L. C., & Frankenberger, T. R. (2018). Does Resilience Capacity Reduce the Negative Impact of Shocks on Household Food Security? Evidence from the 2014 Floods in Northern Bangladesh. World Development, 102, 358–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.003
Swapan, M. S. H., Ashikuzzaman, M., & Iftekhar, M. (2020a). Equitable access to formal disaster management programmes: Experience of residents of urban informal settlements in Bangladesh. In Natural hazards and disaster justice (pp. 169–183). Springer.
Swapan, M. S. H., Ashikuzzaman, M., & Iftekhar, M. S. (2020b). Dynamics of Urban Disaster Risk Paradigm: Looking Through the Perceived Lens of the Residents of Informal Settlements in Khulna City, Bangladesh. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 11(1), 51–77.
TANGO International. (2018). Methodological Guide: A Guide for Calculating Resilience Capacity.
UNDP. (2007). Human Development Report.
Usamah, M., Handmer, J., Mitchell, D., & Ahmed, I. (2014). Can the vulnerable be resilient? Co-existence of vulnerability and disaster resilience: Informal settlements in the Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10, 178–189.
Vaughan, E. (2018). Resilience Measurement Practical Guidance Note Series 3: Resilience Capacity Measurement.
Yoon, D. K., Kang, J. E., & Brody, S. D. (2016). A measurement of community disaster resilience in Korea. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59(3), 436–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09640568.2015.1016142
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Khulna University Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
